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Time signature

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Common time" redirects here. For the short story, see Common Time.

Simple example of a ³⁴ time signature: here there are three quarter-notes per measure.

The time signature (also known as meter signature) is a notational convention used in Western musical notation to specify how many beats are in each measure and which note value constitutes one beat.
In a musical score, the time signature appears at the beginning of the piece, as a time symbol or stacked numerals (such as or ³⁴) immediately following the key signature (or immediately following the clef if the piece is in C major, A minor, or a modal subset). A mid-score time signature, usually immediately following a barline, indicates a change of meter.
There are various types of time signatures, depending on whether the music follows simple rhythms or involves unusual shifting tempos, including: simple (such as ³⁴ or ⁴⁴), compound (e.g., ⁹⁸ or ¹²⁸), complex (e.g., ⁵⁴ or ⁷⁸), mixed (e.g., ⁵⁸ & ³⁸ or ⁶⁸ or ³⁴), additive (e.g., ³⁺²⁺³⁸, fractional (e.g., ^2½4), irrational meters (e.g., ³¹⁰ or ⁵²⁴), or other meters.
Examples of each type of time signature date back many decades or centuries.

Simple time signatures

Basic time signatures: ⁴⁴, also known as common time (); ²², also known as cut time or cut-common time (); plus ²⁴; ³⁴ & ⁶⁸

Simple time signatures consist of two numerals, one stacked above the other:

• the lower numeral indicates the note value which represents one beat (the "beat unit");
• the upper numeral indicates how many such beats there are in a bar.

For instance, ²⁴ means two quarter-note (crotchet) beats; ³⁸ means three eighth-note (quaver) beats.
The most common simple time signatures are ²⁴, ³⁴, and ⁴⁴.

Notational variations in simple time

A semicircle, or , is sometimes used for ⁴⁴ time, also called common time or imperfect time. The symbol is derived from a broken circle used in music notation from the 14th through 16th centuries, where a full circle represented what today would be written in ³² or ³⁴ time, and was called tempus perfectum (perfect time).^[1] The symbol , a "semicircle" with a vertical line through is also a carry-over from the notational practice of late-Medieval and Renaissance music, where it signified tempus imperfectum diminutum (diminished imperfect time)—more precisely, a doubling of the speed, or proportio dupla, in duple meter.^[2] In modern notation, it is used in place of ²² and is called "alla breve" or, colloquially, "cut time" or "cut common time".

Compound time signatures

Main article: Compound meter (music)

In compound meter, subdivisions of the main beat (the upper number) are split into three, not two, equal parts, so that a dotted note (half again longer than a regular note) becomes the beat unit. Compound time signatures are named as if they were simple time signatures in which the one-third part of the beat unit is the beat, so the top number is commonly 6, 9 or 12 (multiples of 3). The lower number is most commonly an 8 (an eighth-note): as in ⁹⁸ or ¹²⁸.

An example

³⁴: A simple signature, comprising three quarter notes. It has a basic feel of:

one two three (as in a waltz)

Each quarter note might comprise two eighth-notes (quavers) giving a total of six such notes, but it still retains that three-in-a-bar "feel":

one and two and three and

⁶⁸: Theoretically, this can be thought of as the same as the six-quaver form of ³⁴ above with the only difference being that the eighth note is selected as the one-beat unit. But whereas the six quavers in ³⁴ had been in three groups of two, ⁶⁸ is practically understood to mean that they are in two groups of three, with a two-in-a-bar feel:

one and a, two and a

Beat and time

Time signatures indicating two beats per bar (whether it is simple or compound) are called duple time; those with three beats to the bar are triple time. To the ear, a bar may seem like one singular beat. For example, a fast waltz, notated in ³⁴ time, may be described as being "one in a bar". Terms such as quadruple (4), quintuple (5), and so on are also occasionally used.

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